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What Does Retained Earnings Mean?
15 December 2025 | 8 mins read
Every business generates profit, but what truly defines its strength is how that profit is managed. Instead of distributing all earnings as dividends, many companies retain a portion to reinvest in growth, reduce liabilities, or prepare for uncertain times. This retained portion, known as retained earnings, is a critical measure of financial discipline and future readiness. By exploring the meaning of retained earnings, its calculation procedure, and the role it plays in decision-making, you will understand why it is considered one of the most important components of shareholders’ equity.
Turbulence on the Runway: How the IndiGo crisis affected fliers and the aviation industry
15 December 2025 | 6 mins read
India’s aviation sector is facing one of its most testing periods in recent years. The crisis with IndiGo cancelling hundreds of flights, led to a fall in capacity of the entire sector. This has not only disrupted flight schedules, but has also raised questions about pricing, regulation and the way investors look at aviation stocks. The episode shows how quickly a company-level problem can spill over into the wider industry, affecting airfares, share price and competition dynamics.
What Does Bear Market Mean?
15 December 2025 | 10 mins read
Ups and downs are a constant part of financial markets, but when prices fall consistently for a longer period, you often hear experts saying the market has turned bearish. But what is a bear market exactly? Understanding the bear market meaning is essential because these phases are a normal part of financial markets. A bear market occurs whenever securities, especially stocks, drop by 20% or more from their recent highs and persist in a low for an extended period of time. It reflects pessimism, declining confidence, and widespread caution among investors. While it sounds alarming, it’s important to note that a bear market doesn’t always signal financial doom. These phases are part of the natural cycle of markets, balancing the optimism of bull runs with periods of correction and reality checks. Understanding how they work allows you to make smarter financial decisions.
What Does Implied Volatility (IV) In Options Trading Mean?
12 December 2025 | 10 mins read
Options trading can often feel complex for beginners because it involves more than simply predicting whether a stock will rise or fall. One of the most important concepts that determines the price of options is Implied Volatility (IV). Unlike historical volatility, which measures past price fluctuations, IV reflects the market’s expectation of how much the underlying stock might move in the future.
What is an Open Interest in Futures and Options?
12 December 2025 | 7 mins read
In India, futures and options (F&O) trading has grown significantly over the last decade. According to NSE data, derivatives volumes have touched record highs in 2025, making India one of the world’s largest derivatives markets. For a trader, understanding the key metrics that drive this segment is crucial. Among these, open interest stands out as a vital measure that can help you interpret market sentiment, liquidity, and the strength of ongoing trends.
What Is A Commercial Paper And How Does It Work?
12 December 2025 | 10 mins read
A Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by companies as a promise to repay investors. It is used by creditworthy corporates, financial institutions and primary dealers to raise funds for immediate cash-flow requirements. In India, the regulatory framework for commercial papers is set out in the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) ‘Master Directions’ and by market-practice rules framed by Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA). The RBI defines CP as an unsecured money-market instrument issued as a promissory note. Issuances are now required to be in dematerialised form and follow specific denomination and maturity rules.
What Is Protective Put Strategy In Options Trading?
12 December 2025 | 12 mins read
In the world of option trading, you come across many strategies that help in either speculating on price movements or in managing risk. A protective put is one such strategy used to protect your holdings while still allowing for growth.
What Are Neutral Options Trading Strategies And How Do They Work?
12 December 2025 | 12 mins read
Options trading can offer different ways to take positions on a stock or an index. One category many traders use is the neutral options strategy. It is a collection of methods that do not require you to predict large moves in either direction. Instead, you try to profit (or protect yourself) during periods when markets are range-bound, or when you expect little directional change.
Flight schedule cut hits IndiGo parent InterGlobe Aviation's share price: What investors should know
11 December 2025 | 3 mins read
India’s largest airline by market share, IndiGo, was ordered by the aviation ministry to cut 10% of its winter schedule. Following this order, IndiGo cut its Q3FY26 capacity and passenger revenue guidance, acknowledging that both available seat kilometres (ASKs) and unit revenues will be weaker than earlier estimates.
What is Synthetic Trading in F&O?
19 November 2025 | 11 mins read
Futures and Options (F&O) trading is a popular segment of the derivatives market that offers traders tools to hedge, speculate, or enhance their portfolio efficiency.
What does Lot Size mean in Options Trading?
19 November 2025 | 6 mins read
When you begin exploring the world of derivatives, especially options trading, one term you’ll encounter frequently is “lot size”. In simple terms, the lot size refers to the minimum number of units (usually shares) of the underlying asset that you must trade in a single options contract.
How Global Indices Affect Indian Stocks?
19 November 2025 | 6 mins read
When you check the morning news, you often hear: “Nifty expected to open lower tracking weak global cues” or “Sensex likely to rise after US markets closed higher.” But why does the movement of the Dow Jones or S&P 500 in the US matter to India’s Sensex or Nifty?
What Is the Significance of Stock Market Indices?
19 November 2025 | 8 mins read
When you hear that the Sensex rose by 300 points or that the Nifty 50 fell by 1%, what you are actually hearing is news about stock market indices.
How to Choose the Best Time Frame for Intraday Trading?
13 November 2025 | 8 mins read
Intraday trading offers you the chance to buy and sell stocks and commodities within a single trading session. This approach focuses on capturing short-term price movements. For you, selecting the best time frame for intraday trading is an essential decision that shapes how you view price action, how quickly you respond to market fluctuations and how effectively you manage risk.
What Are Bond ETFs?
12 November 2025 | 8 mins read
When people think of investing in bonds, they often imagine buying individual government securities or corporate debt instruments. While this traditional approach is still available to investors, they also have access to a much more flexible and accessible route to the bond market, through Bond Exchange-Traded Funds (Bond ETFs).